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Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is a branch of statistics concerned with describing and representing data. It includes measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of dispersion (standard deviation, variance, range). These measures help us understand the characteristics and distribution of data.
Basic Measures
Mean
The mean is the sum of all values divided by their count. It represents the "typical" value in a dataset.
Mean = Σx / n
Median
The median is the middle value when data is sorted in ascending order. Resistant to outliers.
Mode
The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a dataset.
Standard Deviation
Standard deviation measures how spread out data is around the mean. A high value means greater dispersion.
σ = √(Σ(x - μ)² / n)
When to Use Each Measure?
- Mean: Use it when data is normally distributed and without outliers
- Median: Use it when there are outliers or skewed distribution
- Mode: Use it for nominal data or when you want to know the most common value